The impact of infrastructure and entrepreneurship support programs on the Female TEA Ratio: A PMG-ARDL approach in an urban context

The purpose of this article is to improve our understanding the factors that influence Female/Male Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) ratio in urban environments. Its goal provide policymakers with a solid scientific foundation as well suggest new research directions field female entrepreneurship. study focuses on how macroenvironmental TEA Ratio contexts within BRICS countries. Several key are considered analysis, including entrepreneurial finance, government support policies, entrepreneurship programs, commercial and legal infrastructure, physical infrastructure. findings confirm hypothesis measures entrepreneurship, have negative long-term by using PMG-ARDL method examining data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Furthermore, show programs infrastructure positive impact ratio. However, no significant finance has been observed both short long term. emphasizes importance taking into account regional dimension when developing unique characteristics each area.